{"id":2595,"date":"2026-06-14T08:35:03","date_gmt":"2026-06-14T08:35:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ptsprocess.com\/?page_id=2595"},"modified":"2026-06-14T11:39:42","modified_gmt":"2026-06-14T11:39:42","slug":"oxidation","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ptsprocess.com\/ar\/oxidation\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0641<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

  • \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631<\/strong><\/p>

    \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/p>

    • \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong> (Electronegativity)<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>

      \u0647\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>

      • \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/strong> (Microorganisms)<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>

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        • \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/strong> (pH)<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>

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          \n\t\t\t\t\t
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          \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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          \n\t\t\t\t\t
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          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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          • \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f (). \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630.<\/li>
          • \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627)\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t

            \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e!<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

            \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1886\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0651 Charles Martin Hall (1863\u20131914)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1886\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062e\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647.<\/p>

            \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

            \n\t\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t

            \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
            • \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Na) \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 (K) \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f (Fe) \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0629.<\/li>
            • \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 (Au) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 (Pt) \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/li>
            • \u0648\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u0633\u0650\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a (S) \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 (C) \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 (P) \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646.<\/li><\/ul>
              • \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 (Inert Gases) \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0642 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0644.<\/li>
              • \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 () \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 () \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/li>
              • \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 () \u060c \u0641\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/li>
              • \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 (Cl) \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0643\u0633\u0650\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0648\u064a.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t
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                \n\t\t\t\t\t

                \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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                \n\t\t\t\t
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                \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t
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                \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
                \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

                \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>

                \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>

                \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627:

                <\/p>

                • \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0622\u062a.<\/li>
                • \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0633\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629.<\/li>
                • \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a.<\/li>
                • \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
                  \n\t\t\t\t\t
                  \n\t\t\t\t
                  \n\t\t\t\t\t

                  \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
                  \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

                  \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u062a\u0647 World Health Organization\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 0.3 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (\u207aFe\u00b2)<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0628 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u064b\u0627.<\/p>

                  \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a (pH) \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f (–<\/sup>OH<\/strong>)<\/strong> \u060c \u0641\u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u064a \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0647 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0651\u0628 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>

                  \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a (3+<\/sup>Fe\u00a0)<\/strong> (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0643)\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u063a\u0645\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644.<\/p>

                  \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062f\u0651\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0628.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

                  \n\t\t\t\t\t
                  \n\t\t\t\t
                  \n\t\t\t\t\t

                  \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
                  \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

                  \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062a\u064f\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0644. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

                  \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                  \n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                  \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u064e\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 (Oxidation\u2013Reduction). \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0631 [\u2026]<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2595","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 - PTS Process Engineering Co<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ptsprocess.com\/ar\/oxidation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 - PTS Process Engineering Co\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u064e\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 (Oxidation\u2013Reduction). \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0631 [\u2026]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/ptsprocess.com\/ar\/oxidation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"PTS Process Engineering Co\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-06-14T11:39:42+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ptsprocess.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Oxidation-PTS-Arabic.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"546\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"341\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"5 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ptsprocess.com\\\/ar\\\/oxidation\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ptsprocess.com\\\/ar\\\/oxidation\\\/\",\"name\":\"\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 - 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